Normally, urine flows through your system without any contamination. A UTI occurs when bacteria enter your urinary tract, multiply, and cause illness or discomfort.

An infection can affect different parts of your urinary system, and each has a different name depending on location:

• Urethra (urethritis). Inflammation or infection of the urethra.
• Bladder (cystitis). Infection of the bladder.
• Kidneys (pyelonephritis). Infection that reaches the kidneys.

UTIs can cause a range of symptoms, including:

• Pain in your abdomen, pelvic area, or lower back
• Pressure in the lower part of your pelvis
• Cloudy, foul-smelling urine
• Frequent and urgent need to urinate
• Pain or burning sensation when urinating, called dysuria
• Blood in your urine

While many urinary tract infections are mild, some symptoms can indicate a more severe infection requiring prompt medical attention. Serious symptoms of a UTI are:

• A persistent high fever which can suggest that the infection has spread to your kidneys
• Severe pain in your back or side, known as flank pain, might indicate a kidney infection
• Nausea and vomiting
• Experiencing chills along with fever and pain. This can be a sign of a severe infection.
• Confusion or altered mental status, particularly in older adults, can be a sign of a serious UTI.
• Visible blood, called hematuria, is a sign that the infection may be more advanced.

If you notice any of these symptoms, it’s important to see a doctor right away. Getting medical help quickly can prevent more serious problems and ensure you get the right treatment.

Several factors can increase your risk of developing a UTI:

• Age. UTIs are more common as you age.
• Gender. People with vaginas are more prone to UTIs due to a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder.
• Sexual activity. Sexual intercourse can introduce bacteria into the urinary tract.
• Poor hygiene. Improper wiping or infrequent changing of sanitary products can contribute to infections.
• Health conditions. Diabetes and other conditions that suppress the immune system can increase UTI risk.

If you suspect you have a UTI, it’s important to see your doctor. They will ask about your symptoms, review your medical history, and conduct a physical examination. Diagnostic tests may include:

• A urinalysis to examine your urine for signs of infection
• A urine culture to identify the specific bacteria causing the infection and which antibiotic it’s most responsive to.

If you have frequent UTIs or complications, additional tests such as ultrasounds, CT scans, or cystoscopy may be necessary to examine your urinary tract more closely.

The primary treatment for UTIs is antibiotics. Your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic based on the bacteria causing your infection. It’s essential to take the full course of antibiotics as prescribed, even if your symptoms improve before finishing the medication. This helps ensure that the infection is fully eradicated and prevents antibiotic resistance.

Common antibiotics used to treat UTIs include:

• Nitrofurantoin
• Sulfonamides (such as sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim)
• Amoxicillin
• Cephalosporins (such as cephalexin)
• Doxycycline
• Fosfomycin

Here are 6 steps you can take to reduce your risk of developing a UTI:

1. Practice good hygiene. Always wipe from front to back after using the toilet to prevent bacteria from the anal area from spreading to the urethra.
2. Stay hydrated. Drink plenty of fluids, especially water, to help flush out bacteria from your urinary tract.
3. Urinate regularly. Don’t hold in your urine; go to the bathroom as soon as you feel the need.
4. Urinate before and after sex. This can help flush out any bacteria introduced during intercourse.
5. Avoid irritants. Stay away from potential irritants like douches, powders, and sprays in the genital area.
6. Choose breathable clothing. Wear loose-fitting clothes and cotton underwear to prevent moisture buildup, which can promote bacterial growth.

If you have any signs or symptoms of a UTI, don’t hesitate to contact a doctor for a proper diagnosis and treatment plan. Taking timely action can help you recover quickly and prevent complications. While basic UTIs can be treated by a primary care provider, chronic or recurrent UTIs often require the care of a urologist.

1. Can men get UTIs?

Yes, men can get UTIs, although it is less common compared to women. Risk factors for men include having an enlarged prostate, kidney stones, or a catheter.

2. Can a UTI go away on its own?

Minor UTIs can sometimes resolve on their own, but most require antibiotics. It’s crucial to seek medical treatment, especially if you have symptoms like fever, chills, or nausea, which could indicate a more serious infection.

3. How soon after starting treatment will I feel better?

Most people begin to feel better within a few days of starting antibiotics. It’s important to complete the full course of medication to ensure the infection is fully cleared.