WHAT IS MALE INFERTILITY?

To conceive, sperm must travel from the testicles and through the uterus and fallopian tube. It must then meet an egg and successfully enter it. This journey relies on healthy sperm, balanced hormone levels, and unobstructed routes. Good sperm movement and structure play a big role in conception success.

Male infertility can be frustrating. Many factors may cause and can vary widely. They are often grouped into three types: medical, environmental, and lifestyle factors.

Medical causes

Certain medical issues can interfere with sperm quality, production, or the ability to ejaculate.

• Varicocele. Enlarged veins in the scrotum can reduce sperm number and quality.
• Hormonal imbalances. Low testosterone or other hormonal issues can disrupt sperm production.
• Genetic disorders. Conditions such as Klinefelter syndrome or chromosomal abnormalities can affect normal sperm development.
• Infections. Inflammation of the testicles or STDs, like chlamydia, may harm sperm or block sperm pathways.
• Ejaculation disorders. Retrograde ejaculation occurs when semen enters the bladder instead of exiting through the penis. It prevents sperm from reaching the egg.

Environmental causes

The environment around you and exposures at work or home can also affect fertility.

• Exposure to toxins. Frequent exposure to heavy metals, pesticides, or some chemicals can harm sperm quality and production.
• Radiation and heat. High temperatures, such as those in hot tubs or saunas, and radiation exposure can temporarily reduce sperm count. This is due to disruption of testicular function.

Lifestyle factors

Everyday choices, like what you eat and how you manage stress, can have a big impact on your reproductive health.

• Substance use. Smoking, alcohol, marijuana, and other recreational drugs can decrease sperm count and motility.
• Body weight. Being either overweight or underweight can disrupt hormone levels.
• Physical and mental stress. High pressure levels and activity can increase stress hormones.

Some men may not notice signs of infertility. But, some symptoms can appear, including:

• Trouble with sexual function, such as erectile dysfunction
• Swelling or lumps in the testicles
• Changes in body hair or muscle mass

Diagnosing male infertility requires a thorough evaluation. The first step is often a semen analysis to check the health, count, and movement of sperm. Additional tests may be needed, such as:

• Hormone testing to measure testosterone and other hormone levels
• Genetic testing for chromosomal or genetic conditions that may affect sperm production.
• Ultrasound imaging to visualize any physical issues in the testicles or other areas involved in sperm transport.
• Testicular biopsy to help assess sperm production if sperm count is low or absent

The best treatment depends on what’s causing the issue, but several options exist. Here are some common treatments that can help:

• Medications and hormone therapy can boost sperm production. They are especially effective if hormonal imbalances are a factor.
• Surgery, like fixing a varicocele or clearing sperm blockages, can help to restore fertility.
• A testicular biopsy to retrieve viable sperm directly for fertility treatments.
• Intrauterine insemination (IUI) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) allow sperm to be used directly to conceive a child. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), where a single sperm is injected into an egg, can be helpful for men with low sperm count or poor motility.
• A healthier diet, regular exercise, and less stress can improve sperm count and health.
• Avoiding substances like tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs.

Can lifestyle changes make a difference in male fertility?

Lifestyle changes can improve sperm quality and reproductive health. These include:

• Reducing exposure to harmful substances
• Managing stress
• Maintaining a healthy weight

What are some early signs of male infertility?

Sometimes, there aren’t obvious signs. However, some men might experience issues like low sex drive, testicular pain, or sexual difficulties. Often, infertility is only discovered through testing.

Can male infertility be prevented?

Sometimes male infertility can’t be prevented, especially when it’s caused by genetic or other factors that can’t be changed. However, adopting healthy habits can help improve fertility. Eating a balanced diet, staying physically active, and drinking less alcohol can make a difference. To keep your reproductive health safe, it’s best to avoid harmful substances. If your job involves working with chemicals, be sure to wear protective gear.

How long should we try to conceive before seeing a doctor?

If you and your partner haven’t conceived after a year of regular, unprotected sex, it’s a good idea to talk to a doctor. For couples where the woman is over 35, consider seeing a specialist after about six months.